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evidence

Primary Information
Secondary Information

Definition

Evidence is information that supports a claim. It can be gathered from observations, experiments, or other sources.

In science, evidence is essential for making decisions and developing theories. Without evidence, we cannot be sure that our conclusions are correct.

There are different types of evidence, including:

  • Direct evidence: This is evidence that directly supports a claim. For example, if you claim that the Earth is round, you could gather direct evidence by observing the changing shape of the moon as it orbits the Earth.
  • Indirect evidence: This is evidence that does not directly support a claim, but that can be used to infer that the claim is true. For example, if you claim that there is water on Mars, you could gather indirect evidence by observing the presence of water vapour in the Martian atmosphere.
  • Corroborating evidence: This is evidence that supports a claim by providing additional information. For example, if you claim that the Earth is round, you could gather corroborating evidence by conducting an experiment that measures the curvature of the Earth.

When evaluating evidence, it is important to consider the following factors:

  • Relevance: Is the evidence relevant to the claim that is being made?
  • Credibility: Is the evidence from a reliable source?
  • Adequacy: Is there enough evidence to support the claim?

How can the word be used?

The evidence held up under scrutiny.

evidence

Different forms of the word

Noun: evidence, proof, substantiation.

Adjective: evident, obvious, clear.

Verb: to evidence, to evince, to manifest.

Etymology

The word "evidence" comes from the Latin word evidentia, which means "clearness, obviousness." It was first used in English in the 14th century, and it is still used today to refer to anything that can be used to prove or disprove something.

Question

How can evidence help?

AQA Science Exam Question and Answer

Question:

Discuss the importance of evidence in scientific investigations and decision-making. Explain how different types of evidence, such as empirical data, experimental results, and peer-reviewed research, contribute to building reliable conclusions in science. Provide examples to support your explanation.

Answer:

Evidence plays a crucial role in scientific investigations and decision-making as it forms the foundation for reliable conclusions. Empirical data, collected through direct observation or measurement, provides tangible evidence of real-world phenomena. For instance, temperature readings from weather stations offer evidence for studying climate patterns.

Experimental results are essential in establishing cause-and-effect relationships. Controlled experiments allow scientists to manipulate variables and analyse their impact on the outcome. For example, a drug trial with a control group can provide evidence of its efficacy.

Peer-reviewed research is critical in maintaining scientific rigour. When experts review and validate research before publication, it ensures the credibility of the evidence presented. For instance, peer-reviewed studies on vaccine safety provide valuable evidence for public health decisions.

In conclusion, evidence from empirical data, experimental results, and peer-reviewed research is integral to the scientific process. It ensures accuracy, reliability, and informed decision-making across various scientific fields.