immunology
Definition
Immunology is the study of the immune system, which is the body's defence system against germs. The immune system is made up of many different parts, including white blood cells, antibodies, and proteins. These parts work together to fight germs and keep us healthy.
When germs enter the body, the immune system recognises them as foreign and attacks them. This can cause symptoms like fever, rash, and cough. The immune system also remembers germs that it has fought before. This is why we don't get sick from the same germs over and over again.
There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the body's first line of defence against germs. It includes things like skin, mucus, and white blood cells called phagocytes. Adaptive immunity is the body's second line of defence against germs. It includes antibodies and T cells.
Antibodies are proteins that bind to specific germs. This helps the immune system to target and destroy the germs. T cells are white blood cells that help the immune system to fight germs. They can kill germs directly or help other white blood cells fight germs.
How can the word be used?
The doctor performed an immunological test to determine if the patient was immune to the disease.
Different forms of the word
Noun: Immunology is the scientific study of the immune system and its response to disease. It encompasses the study of the structure and function of the immune system, as well as the mechanisms of immunity.
Adjective: Immunological means "relating to immunology". For example, an immunological study is one that is conducted in the field of immunology.
Verb: To immunise is to make someone immune to a disease. This can be done by vaccination or by naturally acquiring immunity.
Etymology
The word "immunology" comes from the Greek words "immunis" and "logos".
"Immunis" means "exempt" or "free from".
"Logos" means "study of".
So, the word "immunology" literally means "the study of what is exempt from". This is a very accurate description of the field of immunology, as it is the study of how the immune system protects the body from disease.
Question
What is immunology?
AQA Science Exam Question and Answer
Question:
Explain the key principles of immunology and the role of the immune system in protecting the body from infections, detailing how immune cells and antibodies work together to recognise and combat pathogens, and discussing the concept of immunity and its importance in vaccination.
Answer:
Immunology is the study of the immune system's remarkable ability to defend the body against harmful invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and molecules working in harmony to provide protection.
When a pathogen enters the body, immune cells like white blood cells identify and recognise specific molecules on its surface. These immune cells, including T cells and B cells, work together to mount a defence. B cells produce antibodies, which are proteins that bind to pathogens and neutralise them, while T cells target infected cells directly.
Upon encountering a pathogen, B cells produce antibodies tailored to its unique antigens. This adaptive immune response not only eliminates the current infection but also provides memory cells that "remember" the pathogen, leading to immunity against future infections.
The concept of immunity is crucial in vaccination. Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce an immune response without causing the disease. This creates memory cells, so if the actual pathogen is encountered, the immune system can mount a rapid and effective defence.
In summary, immunology reveals the intricate workings of the immune system, showcasing how immune cells and antibodies collaborate to protect the body from infections. The concept of immunity, explored through vaccination, plays a pivotal role in preventing diseases and safeguarding public health.